Determinants of Health-Seeking Behavior Among Tuberculosis Patients in Northeast Nigeria’s Internally Displaced Population (IDPs) Camps: A Qualitative Study

Background: Over 3.3 million displaced people in Northeast Nigeria face increased TB risks due to overcrowding, malnutrition, and limited healthcare. Despite global efforts, little is known about IDPs' health-seeking behaviors in this crisis context. Objectives: To explore TB patients' care pathways, decision-making, and systemic barriers within IDP camps. Methods: Qualitative interviews with 150 TB patients across Adamawa, Gombe, and Yobe, analyzed thematically for financial, accessibility, and gender-related themes. Results: Most (73%) first sought care from chemists due to financial constraints. Patriarchal decisions dominated (68%), though women often led when men were absent. Systemic issues included medication shortages (81%), transportation costs (₦50–₦500), and long waits (2–5 hours). Despite valuing free services (89%), 22% used traditional medicine. Conclusion: Financial hardship, gender norms, and systemic gaps hinder TB care access among IDPs. Addressing drug shortages, transportation costs, and gender dynamics is critical to improving outcomes in displacement settings.