HETEROGENEITY OF DENTAL CARIES IN ADULTS: MICROBIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVES

Objective: To analyze the heterogeneity of dental caries in adults by integrating microbiological, behavioral, and sociodemographic factors and to discuss how these interactions influence disease risk and progression. Methodology: This narrative review included observational studies, clinical trials, and systematic reviews retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies addressing adult dental caries in relation to oral microbiota, hygiene habits, dietary patterns, access to dental care, and social determinants were considered. Results: Evidence indicates that adult dental caries is a multifactorial and heterogeneous condition. Variations in biofilm composition, particularly involving Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp., are linked to distinct risk profiles. Behavioral factors such as frequent sugar intake and poor oral hygiene, along with sociodemographic variables including education level and income, significantly influence caries prevalence and severity. Conclusion: Dental caries in adults should not be regarded as a homogeneous disease. Preventive and therapeutic approaches must be individualized, integrating microbiological, behavioral, and social determinants to improve clinical and public health outcomes.