AMINO ACIDS AND DENTAL CARIES: BIOLOGICAL MODULATION OF BACTERIAL METABOLISM AND ENAMEL DEMINERALIZATION

Objective: This review aimed to analyze the role of amino acids in the modulation of oral biofilm metabolism and their influence on enamel demineralization and dental caries development. Methodology: A structured review of experimental, in vitro, and clinical literature was performed to assess the biological effects of amino acids on cariogenic processes. Searches were conducted in major scientific databases using terms related to amino acids, dental caries, bacterial metabolism, pH regulation, and enamel demineralization. Eligible studies were examined for mechanisms involving nitrogen metabolism, alkali production, and bacterial ecological balance within the oral environment. Results: The reviewed evidence indicates that specific amino acids, including arginine, glutamine, and glycine, contribute to caries prevention by modulating biofilm metabolic activity. These compounds enhance alkali generation through arginolytic and urease pathways, resulting in increased plaque pH and reduced acidogenicity. Consequently, enamel demineralization is attenuated, and the ecological balance of the oral microbiome shifts toward a less cariogenic profile. Additionally, amino acids were shown to interfere with the dominance of acid-producing bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, promoting a more stable oral environment. Conclusion: Amino acids play a significant biological role in regulating oral biofilm behavior and enamel integrity. Their incorporation into preventive strategies, including oral hygiene products and dietary approaches, may offer a promising adjunct for caries control. Further clinical research is needed to establish optimal formulations and long-term effectiveness in caries management.