METHODS FOR CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among women in Brazil, with high incidence especially in the Northern region. This chapter addresses the main screening and diagnostic methods for the disease, ranging from conventional cytology to advanced molecular technologies. Liquid-based cytology, HPV DNA and mRNA tests, co-testing, and self-sampling are discussed, as well as the application of biomarkers such as p16INK4a, Ki-67, MCM2, and the methylation of tumor suppressor genes. Detailed comparisons are made based on sensitivity, specificity, cost, and accessibility. The analysis shows that HPV-DNA testing by PCR, with partial genotyping and reflex cytology for positive cases, represents the most cost-effective strategy for implementation in Brazil, combining high diagnostic performance, economic feasibility, and scalability. The adoption of this approach, associated with strategies such as self-sampling, may reduce regional inequalities and promote effective large-scale disease control.