Development of managerial behavior scales to differentiate managerial levels: How do managerial behaviors of second-level managers (“Bucho”) differ from front-line (“Kacho”) or third-level managers (“Honbucho”)?

Prior studies indicate that the role of 1st-level managers, or "kacho," in Japanese organizations have shifted towards a "playing" role over the last couple of decades.However, little is known about work behaviors of senior managers, such as 2nd-("bucho") or 3rd-level managers ("honbucho") .To advance our understanding of managerial work behaviors across organizational levels, we develop a set of measurement scales that focuses on capturing differences in managerial behaviors by organizational levels.Our analysis of three, independently corrected datasets, with 2,130 samples in total, provides support to the validity of the four scales we developed and their measurement invariance across independent samples from different levels of managers.Our analysis also indicates that the differences in managerial behaviors between "bucho" and "honbucho" captured by the new measures are consistent with our predictions based on extant research.Keywords： Managers, Role behaviors, Organizational levels, Scale development