Water Quality Estimation from Total Suspended Solid and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration in Krueng Pase Watershed, North Aceh, Indonesia

The functional value of a watershed is often degraded by anthropogenic activities.Land cover changes, urban expansion, and industrial development can significantly affect river water quality.Consequently, rapid and comprehensive monitoring is required to represent conditions across the entire river system.Advances in Earth observation satellite technology provide efficient tools for monitoring natural resources and environmental quality.This study aims to estimate concentrations of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the Krueng Pase River Basin, North Aceh, Indonesia, using satellite imagery.The analysis employed Sentinel-2A data acquired during both dry and rainy seasons from 2020 to 2022, with a spatial resolution of 60 m.Concurrent field measurements collected by the Aceh Environmental Service were used for accuracy assessment.The results reveal seasonal variations in sediment levels within the Krueng Pase Watershed.Validation against in situ observations produced Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values of 0.949 (very good) for Period I and 0.645 (satisfactory) for Period II.Percent Bias (PBIAS) values were 15.668 (very good) and 21.0307 (very good), respectively.These findings are supported by the estimated DO concentrations, which consistently >5 mg/L.Such levels indicate good oxygen conditions, sufficient to sustain productive aquatic biota and showing no evidence of severe pollution.This study demonstrates that satellite imagery-based estimation of TSS and DO concentrations is a reliable approach for land and water management, particularly in evaluating water pollution.