Recent Advances in the synthetic and medicinal perspective of etopside

Etoposide is a man-made anticancer medicine obtained from a natural compound called podophyllotoxin.It is widely used to treat cancers such as small-cell lung cancer, testicular cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma.Etoposide works by blocking an enzyme known as DNA topoisomerase II, which is essential for DNA repair and cell division.By blocking this enzyme, the drug causes damage to cancer cell DNA, stops the cells from dividing, and finally leads to their death.Even though etoposide is effective in cancer treatment, its use is limited because it does not dissolve well in water, has low absorption when taken orally, can cause side effects at higher doses, and may become less effective due to drug resistance.To overcome these problems, recent research has focused on improving etoposide delivery using nanotechnology, modified drug forms, and combination therapy with other drugs.In addition, reliable laboratory techniques such as HPLC, LC-MS/MS, and UV spectroscopy are commonly used to measure and analyze etoposide in drug products and biological samples.This review discusses the chemical properties, working mechanism, medical uses, formulation issues, and recent analytical methods related to etoposide