IMPACT OF INCORRECT INSULIN INJECTION TECHNIQUES ON GLYCAEMIC CONTROL, COMPLICATIONS, AND THERAPEUTIC OUTCOMES

Insulin therapy remains the cornerstone of management for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus [1]. Although significant advances have been made in insulin formulations and delivery devices, incorrect insulin injection techniques continue to compromise glycemic control and increase the risk of acute and chronic complications [2,3]. Errors such as improper site rotation, needle reuse, incorrect injection depth and angle, injecting into lipohypertrophic tissue, improper insulin storage, and incorrect timing of injections relative to meals significantly affect insulin absorption and pharmacokinetics [4–7]. This review critically evaluates current evidence on the prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical consequences of incorrect insulin injection practices and highlights the role of structured patient education in optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Available evidence demonstrates that correct insulin injection technique is a modifiable factor essential for achieving stable glycemic control and reducing diabetes-related complications [8,9].