A Comprehensive Review on Typhoid Fever: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Future Perspectives.

Typhoid fever remains a major global public health problem caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Despite availability of effective antibiotics and vaccines, the disease continues to impose a significant burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries due to poor sanitation and limited healthcare access. This review comprehensively discusses epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, antimicrobial resistance, prevention, vaccination, public health initiatives, socio-economic impact, recent advances, and future prospects of typhoid fever. Understanding these aspects is critical for effective disease control and policy development.Typhoid fever remains a major global public health problem caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Despite availability of effective antibiotics and vaccines, the disease continues to impose a significant burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries due to poor sanitation and limited healthcare access. This review comprehensively discusses epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, antimicrobial resistance, prevention, vaccination, public health initiatives, socio-economic impact, recent advances, and future prospects of typhoid fever. Understanding these aspects is critical for effective disease control and policy development.Typhoid fever remains a major global public health problem caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Despite availability of effective antibiotics and vaccines, the disease continues to impose a significant burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries due to poor sanitation and limited healthcare access. This review comprehensively discusses epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, antimicrobial resistance, prevention, vaccination, public health initiatives, socio-economic impact, recent advances, and future prospects of typhoid fever. Understanding these aspects is critical for effective disease control and policy development.Typhoid fever remains a major global public health problem caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Despite availability of effective antibiotics and vaccines, the disease continues to impose a significant burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries due to poor sanitation and limited healthcare access. This review comprehensively discusses epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, antimicrobial resistance, prevention, vaccination, public health initiatives, socio-economic impact, recent advances, and future prospects of typhoid fever. Understanding these aspects is critical for effective disease control and policy development.