Beyond TPACK: An Overview of DPACK and XY PACK in Contemporary Education

The rapid evolution of digital technologies has necessitated a re-examination of pedagogical frameworks, particularly Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), which has long guided technology integration in education. Recent advancements have introduced extensions such as Digitality Pedagogical Content Knowledge (DPACK) and XY-PACK (Culture, Ethics and emerging context…), yet their comparative roles, interrelationships, and practical implications remain underexplored. This paper aims to synthesize existing research on TPACK, DPACK, and XY-PACK, focusing on their conceptual distinctions, transitional dynamics in STEM education, and applications in other specific contexts. We adopt a rigorous methodological approach to identify, analyze, and interpret relevant studies, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of how these frameworks address contemporary educational challenges. Our findings reveal a gradual shift from TPACK to DPACK, driven by the increasing emphasis on digital literacies, while XY-PACK emerges as a niche yet promising model for specialized domains. Despite these insights, gaps persist in the empirical validation of DPACK and XY-PACK, suggesting a need for further research. By consolidating these perspectives, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on technology-enhanced pedagogy and offers practical recommendations for educators and policymakers seeking to adapt these frameworks in diverse learning environments.