عقوبة الشروع في الجريمة في القانون اليمني والقوانين الأخرى

تتناول هذه الدراسة عقوبة الشروع في الجريمة في القانون اليمني ومقارنتها بالتشريعات الجنائية العربية، استجابة لأهمية الشروع بوصفه مرحلة متقدمة من السلوك الإجرامي تتطلب تنظيماً تشريعياً دقيقاً يوازن بين خطورة الفعل غير التام وحماية المصلحة القانونية. اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج التحليلي المقارن من خلال تحليل النصوص القانونية، وآراء الفقه، وأحكام القضاء، لبيان الأساس القانوني لتجريم الشروع والجزاء المقرر له. أوضحت الدراسة أن الشروع يتحقق عندما يبدأ الجاني في التنفيذ دون تمام الجريمة لسبب خارج عن إرادته، ومع بقاء الخطورة الإجرامية بما يبرر العقاب. وتناول تنظيم القانون اليمني لعقوبة الشروع في جرائم الحدود والقصاص والتعازير، بما يعكس الجمع بين أحكام الشريعة ومتطلبات السياسة الجنائية الحديثة. فبيّن أحكام الشروع في جرائم الحدود كالسرقة والحرابة والزنا، وارتباط العقوبة بطبيعة الجريمة ومدى تحقق أركانها. كما عالج الشروع في جرائم القصاص وفق ضوابط تتعلق بتقدير الضرر، وأبرز مرونة التعازير وما يتمتع به القاضي من سلطة تقديرية تراعي ظروف الفعل والجاني. وقارنت الدراسة موقف القانون اليمني بنظيره في القوانين المصرية والأردنية والإماراتية والعراقية والجزائرية، وتوصلت إلى وجود اتفاق على مبدأ التجريم مع اختلاف في نطاق العقوبة وشروط الشروع. وخلصت إلى أن المشرع اليمني انتهج مقاربة متوازنة، مع الحاجة إلى تحديث بعض النصوص لمواكبة تطور الجريمة بما يعزز العدالة الجنائية ويحقق الردع ويحفظ استقرار المجتمع وأمنه العام الداخلي. This study examines the punishment for attempted crimes under Yemeni law and compares it with Arab criminal legislation, in response to the significance of attempt as an advanced stage of criminal conduct that requires precise legislative regulation balancing the dangerousness of an incomplete act with the protection of legal interests. The study adopts a comparative analytical approach through an analysis of legal texts, jurisprudential opinions, and judicial rulings, with the aim of clarifying the legal basis for criminalizing attempt and the penalties prescribed for it. The study demonstrates that an attempt is established when the offender begins execution of the criminal act without its completion due to reasons beyond his will, while criminal dangerousness remains to an extent that justifies punishment. It also addresses the regulation of punishment for attempt in Yemeni law with regard to hudud, qisas, and taʿzir crimes, reflecting a synthesis between the provisions of Islamic law and the requirements of modern criminal policy. The study explains the rules governing attempt in hudud crimes such as theft, highway robbery (ḥirābah), and adultery, and the relationship between punishment, the nature of the crime, and the extent to which its constituent elements are realized. The study concludes that there is general agreement on the principle of criminalizing attempt, despite differences in the scope of punishment and the conditions for establishing attempt. It further finds that the Yemeni legislator has adopted a balanced approach, while emphasizing the need to update certain legal provisions in order to keep pace with the evolving nature of crime, thereby strengthening criminal justice, achieving deterrence, and preserving social stability and internal public security. This study examines the punishment for attempted crimes under Yemeni law and compares it with Arab criminal legislation, in response to the significance of attempt as an advanced stage of criminal conduct that requires precise legislative regulation balancing the dangerousness of an incomplete act with the protection of legal interests. The study adopts a comparative analytical approach through an analysis of legal texts, jurisprudential opinions, and judicial rulings, with the aim of clarifying the legal basis for criminalizing attempt and the penalties prescribed for it. The study demonstrates that an attempt is established when the offender begins execution of the criminal act without its completion due to reasons beyond his will, while criminal dangerousness remains to an extent that justifies punishment. It also addresses the regulation of punishment for attempt in Yemeni law with regard to hudud, qisas, and taʿzir crimes, reflecting a synthesis between the provisions of Islamic law and the requirements of modern criminal policy. The study explains the rules governing attempt in hudud crimes such as theft, highway robbery (ḥirābah), and adultery, and the relationship between punishment, the nature of the crime, and the extent to which its constituent elements are realized. The study concludes that there is general agreement on the principle of criminalizing attempt, despite differences in the scope of punishment and the conditions for establishing attempt. It further finds that the Yemeni legislator has adopted a balanced approach, while emphasizing the need to update certain legal provisions in order to keep pace with the evolving nature of crime, thereby strengthening criminal justice, achieving deterrence, and preserving social stability and internal public security.