Angles and trigonometry

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Abstract

In this note, we introduce the sine and cosine functions on (abstract) angles that are defined as equivalence classes of vector pairs.We avoid power series, differential and integral calculus.The number π emerges as the limit of repeated application of half-angle formula (the Viète formula).It is shown that the functions defined coincide with ordinary sine and cosine.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Mathematics and Applications History and Theory of Mathematics Advanced Mathematical Theories

Publication details

Journal / source
The Teaching of Mathematics
Publication date
1 January 2026