Immunogenicity assay of peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultures in response to bovine bone xenograft scaffold

Chronic inflammation is a major factor contributing to the failure of bone grafting treatments, particularly by impeding the integration of commonly used bone substitutes such as bovine bone xenografts.This research is conducted to better understand the immunogenic response to these biomaterials.This study examined the expression of key immune cell markers including CD14 (monocytes), CD3 (T-lymphocytes), and CD19 (B-lymphocytes) in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) exposed to different bone graft preparations: deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone (FDBB), and decellularized FDBB (dc-FDBB).Expression levels were evaluated on days 1, 3, and 7 using flow cytometry, and results were analyzed descriptively and statistically for normality, homogeneity, and group comparisons.Notably, by day 7, the PBMC+dc-FDBB group showed the highest expression of both CD14 and CD3, indicating prominent monocyte and T-lymphocyte involvement, while the PBMC+FDBB group exhibited the highest CD19 expression, reflecting B-lymphocyte activity.Statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences in immune cell marker expression between all groups at each observation point.These findings suggest that the choice and processing of xenograft material can distinctly influence the immune cell response, underlining the importance of biomaterial selection in bone grafting procedures.