Exploring the effectiveness of the VAK-Augmented reality learning model on English-Speaking fluency and comprehension among nursing students

This study explores the effectiveness of the Visual Auditory Kinesthetic (VAK) learning model assisted by Augmented Reality (AR) in improving nursing students' English-speaking fluency and comprehension.The research employed a quasi-experimental design involving 155 students from three nursing programs in Indonesia, divided into three experimental and one control group.The experimental groups were taught using the VAK-AR learning model, while the control group received conventional instruction.Data were collected using a standardized speaking performance rubric assessing pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension.The Kruskal-Walli's test revealed significant differences across all speaking components (p < .001),with large effect sizes for fluency (ε² = 0.330) and moderate for comprehension (ε² = 0.229).The findings indicate that the VAK-AR learning model enhances multimodal engagement and contextual learning, leading to improved communicative competence among nursing students.The study contributes to the growing body of research on technology-enhanced language learning (TELL) and English for Nursing Purposes (ENP), demonstrating that AR-based multimodal approaches can bridge the gap between linguistic knowledge and real-world communication.