Merchant Nuclear-Powered Vessels: A New Frontier in Maritime Propulsion

The maritime industry is at a pivotal moment, grappling with the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining operational efficiency. Traditional fossil-fuel-based propulsion systems are major contributors to environmental pollution. In response, the industry is investigating alternative energy sources to meet stringent international regulations and adopt sustainable practices. Among these, nuclear propulsion emerges as a compelling solution, offering unmatched energy density, extended operational range, and near-zero operational emissions. This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the technical, regulatory, and economic dimensions of deploying nuclear technology in merchant vessels, highlighting its transformative potential for maritime propulsion. Focusing on advancements in ship propulsion technologies, this chapter examines modern nuclear reactor designs, fuel cycles, and operational economics. Historical case studies, such as the NS Savannah, are revisited to draw insights for contemporary applications. Key topics include maneuverability, cost analysis, refueling strategies, and waste management, with a detailed review of advanced reactor technologies like Generation IV Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) and Lead-cooled Fast Reactors (LFRs). Additionally, the chapter evaluates the potential of turbo-electric propulsion systems for commercial shipping. Through this analysis, it situates nuclear propulsion as a viable and sustainable alternative for the future of maritime operations.