Exploring openBIM Data Formats Aligned with ISO 19650-4 in Construction

This study explores the integration of openBIM data formats with the ISO 19650-4 standard to address the ongoing challenges of interoperability, structured data exchange, and lifecycle information management in the AECO industry. The research problem centers on the fragmented adoption of openBIM components and the limited alignment of semantic, technical, and governance mechanisms with ISO-based frameworks. To address this, a dual-method approach was employed. A systematic literature review identified core themes and alignment gaps in current implementations. Complementing this, a conceptual analysis was conducted on 12 openBIM components, such as IFC, bSDD, IDM, MVD, IDS, openCDE, and COBie, with a focus on their semantic structure, validation capacity, and role in information continuity. This dual analysis enabled a horizontal comparison (across components) and a vertical alignment (with ISO 19650-4 requirements), which were synthesized in a structured evaluation matrix. The findings reveal varying levels of maturity, with foundational standards such as IFC and bSDD demonstrating strong semantic and structural alignment, while evolving standards like IDS and openCDE offer precision and operational flexibility. Case studies from major infrastructure projects (e.g., Crossrail, HS2, and Sydney Metro) validate the practical benefits of standardized openBIM implementation in improving coordination and reducing project risk. The study concludes with a call for integrated implementation models that combine semantic clarity, information requirement formalization, and technical validation. The proposed approach contributes to a scalable and ISO-compliant openBIM framework, supporting digital transformation in construction.