Microplastics in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems: Sources, Distribution, Ecological Impact, and Mitigation Prospects

Microplastic pollution is a global environmental problem of anthropogenic origin that affects marine and coastal ecosystems. Microplastics are considered emerging pollutants of great concern. Worldwide, annual plastic production amounts to 280 million tons, and a significant fraction ends up in aquatic ecosystems. Plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm are distributed in the environment through various routes, including rainwater runoff, maritime activities, and wastewater discharges. As a result of their persistence and transportability, these pollutants have toxicological effects on numerous marine species, including birds, mammals, and turtles. In this context, this chapter analyzes the main sources, distribution, ecological impact, and mitigation strategies to prevent microplastic pollution in marine environments.