Integrating Biomarkers into Cervical Cancer Care: From Bench to Bedside

Cervical cancer remains one of the most preventable yet prevalent malignancies among women worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The integration of biomarkers into the continuum of cervical cancer care has revolutionized diagnostic precision, prognostic accuracy, and therapeutic decision-making. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the translational journey of biomarkers from laboratory discovery to clinical application. It highlights key molecular pathways of cervical carcinogenesis, driven by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and associated genetic, epigenetic, and proteomic alterations. Established biomarkers such as p16, Ki-67, and HPV DNA/mRNA testing are discussed alongside emerging liquid biopsy markers, including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), microRNAs, and exosomal proteins, which hold promise for non-invasive disease monitoring. Special emphasis is placed on the role of multi-omics technologies, artificial intelligence, and machine learning-based models in identifying novel biomarker signatures for personalized therapy. The chapter also explores challenges related to validation, standardization, and clinical implementation, particularly in resource-constrained healthcare systems. Ultimately, biomarker-driven strategies represent a critical step toward precision oncology, offering opportunities for early detection, individualized treatment, and improved outcomes in cervical cancer management.