Decentralized Energy Management Using Multi-Agent Systems for Remote Hybrid Power Systems

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) are increasingly adopted to provide reliable electricity in rural and remote areas lacking access to centralized grids. This chapter explores the development and validation of a Multi-Agent System (MAS) framework designed to enhance the control and coordination of off-grid HRES integrating solar photovoltaic, wind turbines, battery storage, a diesel generator, and an inverter. The decentralized architecture assigns autonomous agents to each energy component, overseen by a central Control Agent that ensures optimal energy dispatch, fuel minimization, and system stability. The framework was evaluated over a 92-day period using real meteorological and load data. The MAS-based control strategy demonstrated significant improvements in operational efficiency, achieving over 90% reduction in fuel consumption and operating costs compared to conventional diesel-only systems. Solar photovoltaic emerged as the dominant energy source, with battery storage playing a key role in mitigating renewable intermittency and maintaining reliability. Economic assessment showed a 25% reduction in total system cost and a levelized cost of energy of $0.276/kWh, with an investment payback period of less than 2 years. These findings highlight the potential of MAS as an intelligent, scalable, and cost-effective solution for managing decentralized energy systems in underserved regions. The approach supports broader goals of enhancing energy access, promoting renewable integration, and advancing sustainable development in off-grid contexts.