Spontaneous Splenic Vein Rupture: Case Report of a Rare Presentation

INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous splenic vein rupture is a rare condition associated with a high risk of mortality. Only a few cases have been documented, all of which have been linked to underlying predisposing conditions. In this case, however, we present a previously healthy patient with no identifiable risk factors. CASE REPORT: A 64-year-old male presented to the emergency department with acute-onset abdominal pain and nausea. Physical exam revealed a rigid abdomen with diffuse tenderness and guarding. Serial labs revealed a progressively decreasing hemoglobin and red blood cell count. Computed tomography demonstrated a ruptured splenic vein with a large volume of retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Laparotomy identified a large retroperitoneal hematoma with hemoperitoneum, and embolization was performed by interventional radiology. The patient recovered after one week in the surgical intensive care unit and was subsequently discharged home with no complications to date. CONCLUSION: This case underscores the importance of maintaining a high clinical suspicion in patients with acute, unexplained abdominal pain, and emphasizes the crucial role of emergency physicians in the timely recognition and management of such conditions. Given the scarcity of existing literature, this case provides valuable insight into the presentation and management of spontaneous splenic vein rupture in previously healthy individuals, thereby enhancing clinical awareness of this rare and life-threatening condition.