Reptile Oncology: Current Insights and Future Perspectives. Part 2: Therapeutic Approach

Although it was once considered uncommon, an increasing incidence of neoplastic disease seems to be observed in captive reptiles. This may at least be partly attributed to reptile pet owners more readily seeking veterinary advice and the expanding availability and use of appropriate diagnostic tools in reptile medicine. Continuous efforts should be made to improve our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of neoplastic disorders in reptiles and to promote evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This second part of a comprehensive two-part review focuses on current and future therapeutic modalities, critically evaluating surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiotherapeutic approaches and provides a complete and up-to-date overview of nonsurgical stand-alone as well as adjuvant therapies used in reptile oncology, detailing drug protocols and outcomes. This review highlights the need for integrative protocols tailored to the specific neoplastic condition and species involved and suggests future research directions to standardize and refine diagnostics and treatment strategies.