Geological and Economic Assessment and Comparative Analysis of Uranium ore Deposits in Russia and Iran

This study conducts a comparative geological and economic assessment of uranium resources in Russia and Iran, with a focus on their ability to support the development of domestic nuclear energy. Unlike previous research, which has predominantly examined Russian–Iranian cooperation from political or institutional perspectives, this work evaluates uranium availability using geological classifications and economic cost categories of reserves. It distinguishes between recoverable resources reported for Russia and in situ resources reported for Iran, with the latter converted to a comparable basis through the application of appropriate recovery factors. In addition to analyzing the structure and potential of the resource base, the study takes into account historical and projected uranium production as well as consumption scenarios for both countries. On this basis, long-term self-sufficiency horizons are estimated through 2045. The findings show that Russia possesses a vast and geologically diverse uranium base, capable of ensuring long-term supply if new mining projects are developed to offset the expected decline in production after 2030. Iran, by contrast, holds more limited and higher-cost reserves, concentrated mainly in metasomatite deposits, which makes the achievement of sustained self-sufficiency unlikely without external cooperation or technological breakthroughs. At the same time, geological similarities between the two countries create a basis for potential collaboration in uranium exploration and development. By addressing a relatively underexplored aspect of the literature, this study provides a structured assessment of uranium supply sustainability and introduces a comparative perspective relevant not only to Russia and Iran but also to other countries with emerging nuclear programs.