Ovarian follicular dynamics in cattle: a comprehensive review

Ovarian follicular dynamics in cows is characterized by well-coordinated development and maturation of ovarian follicles. In the bovine ovary, follicles advance from primordial stages (present at birth), to primary, secondary, and tertiary stages. During puberty, there is a marked increase in pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus; this stimulates the anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, promoting follicle growth and selection with some dominant follicles ovulating. Estradiol 17-β from these developing follicles regulates the reproductive cycle, promoting estrus and cyclicity. Understanding these dynamics is vital for optimizing reproductive management and enhancing fertility. This review describes ovarian follicular dynamics and puberty in cattle.