CELLULAR BIOTECHNOLOGIES IN THE MODELING OF CARCINOGENESIS AND THEIR POTENTIAL IN PRECISION MEDICINE

Oncological diseases are one of the most pressing problems of mankind. Unfortunately, modern methods of cancer prevention and treatment have not kept pace with the trend of increasing mortality and the emergence of new cases of these diseases. One of the reasons for this is the lack of preclinical in vitro models that would accurately simulate human tumors, their diverse morphology, molecular characteristics and microenvironment. Studies of tumors, their morphological characteristics, treatment prognosis, and therapeutic approaches are still carried out on two-dimensional models of cell and animal cultures. However, two-dimensional cell culture models have limitations due to the lack of tissue-specific architecture, biochemical signals, and interactions between cells and the surrounding matrix, so they cannot accurately display and simulate complex processes in vivo. In turn, using animals to model tumor diseases and test drugs for them is not only expensive and time-consuming, but also these models cannot simulate biological reactions of humans due to species differences. Three-dimensional tissue models are more suitable in terms of morphology, migration, proliferation, response to drug treatment, as well as gene and protein expression, and more accurately mimic tissue growth in vivo. This review presents current scientific data on the use of cellular biotechnologies to study carcinogenesis and their potential in precision medicine.