Cloud Migration Challenges for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Secondary Data Analysis

Aim: This study investigates the significant challenges faced by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) when transitioning to cloud computing platforms. The primary aim is to identify and critically analyze these challenges, develop a structured understanding of their relative impact, and provide evidence-based guidance to support strategic cloud adoption in resource-constrained business environments. Methods: The study employs a systematic secondary research design based on an extensive review of academic literature, industry reports, and published case studies from 2018 to 2024. Using thematic synthesis and comparative analytical techniques, the research identifies recurring patterns and consolidates them into coherent challenge categories. The methodology emphasizes credibility and breadth by incorporating peer-reviewed studies alongside practitioner and industry analyses, thereby ensuring a comprehensive assessment of cloud migration barriers specific to SMEs. Results: The findings reveal that SMEs face a multidimensional set of challenges when migrating to cloud platforms. Financial constraints and uncertainty in cost management emerge as primary concerns, particularly given limited capital reserves and sensitivity to fluctuating subscription-based pricing models. Security and data privacy risks are also prominent, as SMEs often lack dedicated cybersecurity expertise and remain cautious about external data hosting. Technological complexity and internal skills gaps further hinder adoption, especially where legacy systems require integration or reconfiguration. Data migration processes present operational risks, including downtime and compatibility issues, while regulatory and legal compliance concerns introduce additional uncertainty, particularly in cross-border data governance contexts. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that financial limitations, capability gaps, and governance uncertainties interact to create elevated adoption friction compared to larger enterprises. Recommendations: SMEs should approach cloud migration through phased implementation strategies supported by comprehensive financial forecasting, cybersecurity risk assessments, and proactive workforce capability development.