FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID–BASE BALANCE

Fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance are essential components of physiological homeostasis and are critical for maintaining cellular function, organ performance, and systemic stability. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of body fluid compartments, electrolyte distribution, and mechanisms responsible for regulating pH. The pathophysiological basis of common disorders such as dehydration, edema, acidosis, and alkalosis is examined, along with clinical manifestations and management strategies. Special emphasis is placed on intravenous fluid therapy, electrolyte replacement, and nursing interventions, as these are central to acute and chronic care across multiple clinical settings. Accurate fluid monitoring, timely recognition of imbalance, and guided correction significantly reduce morbidity and prevent life-threatening complications. Because disturbances in fluid, electrolyte, or acid–base physiology can rapidly impair cardiovascular, neurological, and renal function, a strong understanding of these principles is fundamental for safe and effective clinical practice.