CHRONO‑RESPONSIVE MORPHOGENETIC 3D ‑PRINTED DRUG SYSTEMS FOR INDIVIDUALIZED THERAPEUTIC SYNCHRONIZATION

Personalized drug therapy has become a central objective in modern pharmaceutical science due to wide variations among patients in physiology, metabolism, disease progression, and treatment response. Although three‑dimensional (3D) printing has transformed dosage‑form customization by enabling control over dose, geometry, and internal structure, most printed systems remain architecturally static and temporally inflexible. This chapter presents a new conceptual approach termed Chrono‑Morphogenetic Drug Delivery Systems (CM‑DDS), in which biological time is embedded directly into the structural design of 3D‑printed pharmaceutical dosage forms. In this framework, dosage forms are engineered to undergo predictable, time‑dependent physical transformations within the body, achieved through material selection, internal stress programming, and spatial drug compartmentalization during fabrication. Without relying on sensors, electronics, or artificial intelligence, CM‑DDS enables sequential and rhythm‑aligned drug release synchronized with patient‑specific biological cycles and anticipated disease evolution. The chapter outlines the theoretical basis of chrono‑morphogenetic design, explores its potential therapeutic applications, and discusses the challenges and future research directions required for clinical translation. This approach introduces time as a programmable design dimension, offering a new pathway toward advanced individualized therapy.