Redox Mediated Lipid Metabolism in Animals: Mechanisms and Veterinary Relevance in Companion Animals and Wild Birds

Lipids are essential for animal physiology; however, dysregulated lipid metabolism can induce metabolic stress and impair growth, development, and reproduction. Metabolic homeostasis depends on endocrine-immune system interactions, yet how lipid droplets and organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, contribute to stress‑induced lipid dysregulation remains unclear. The present study aimed to synthesize current evidence on redox-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism and lipid metabolic disorders in animals, highlighting recent advances, and identify key directions for future studies. The present study summarized evidence on how different dietary lipid classes influence metabolism and animal health, as well as the role of bioactive nutrients in metabolic programming. The current study described the endocrine functions of the liver, gut, and adipose tissue, as well as the stress-related interactions among these organs. The present study indicated how lipid droplets engaged in dynamic organelle interactions during stress progression and evaluated the potential of lipid‑focused nutritional interventions as personalized mitigation strategies. In addition, gut microbiota-derived metabolites and related pathways that contribute to redox imbalance, organelle dysfunction, and stress-associated lipid dysregulation were explored. The current study demonstrated that stress-induced disruptions in lipid metabolism involve intricate, multi-organ, and multi-organelle mechanisms driven by redox changes.