Development of sensor-based instruments to measure the accuracy of smash in badminton

Background and purpose Smash accuracy is an important skill in badminton that affects the performance of athletes. Manual measurement methods have limitations in accuracy and objectivity, so a more valid and reliable technology-based instrument is needed. Material and methods This study aims to develop a sensor-based badminton smash accuracy test instrument that can provide more objective, accurate, and practical measurement results for use in evaluating athletes' skills. This study uses the Research and Development (R&D) method with the Borg & Gall model. The development process includes needs analysis, product design, validation by experts, small group trials (31 athletes), and large group trials (100 athletes). Validity was tested by the correlation method and reliability was tested using the test-retest method and Alpha Cronbach. Results The developed sensor-based instrument showed very high validity (r = 0.850 for small groups and r = 0.820 for large groups). Reliability is also in the very high category (0.864 and 0.800). This instrument is able to record accuracy scores automatically, reduce human error, and provide real-time results that are more efficient than manual methods. Conclusions The sensor-based badminton smash accuracy test instrument developed is proven to be valid, reliable, and practical for use in the evaluation of athletes' performance. This instrument can be a standard measuring tool in badminton training and competitions, as well as contribute to improving the quality of athlete coaching in Indonesia.