Athlete career transition management: policy gaps and best practices in competitive sports systems- meta-analysis

Background and purpose Athlete career transition management (ACTM) has become a critical concern in modern sport systems, as retiring or transitioning athletes frequently encounter psychological, educational, and socioeconomic challenges. Despite increasing institutional awareness, inconsistencies in policy frameworks and fragmented implementation continue to hinder the effectiveness of support programs across nations. This study aims to identify policy gaps and synthesize best practices in ACTM across competitive sport systems through a meta-analytical approach. It further seeks to establish evidence-based recommendations that can strengthen policy coherence and athlete welfare globally. Material and methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Data were collected from 23 peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2020 and 2025, obtained from major academic databases. Studies were coded based on policy characteristics, intervention strategies, and measured outcomes. Statistical aggregation was performed using a random-effects model to assess overall effect size and cross-contextual trends. Results Findings reveal that integrated policies combining psychosocial counseling, educational programs, and financial planning significantly improve athletes’ post-career adaptation and well-being. However, policy disparities remain evident, particularly in low-resource sport systems where coordination between institutions is weak and support structures are inconsistent. Conclusions The study underscores the necessity of multidimensional, evidence-based ACTM frameworks supported by collaborative governance among sport organizations, educational institutions, and governmental bodies. Addressing existing policy gaps can ensure equitable, sustainable career transition support for athletes worldwide.