Green logistics between sustainability and economic efficiency: a comparative analysis of the impact of digitalization and costs in supply chains

In the context of growing pressure for sustainability and economic efficiency, green logistics plays a vital role in the restructuring of supply chains across Eastern Europe. This study explores how the digitalization of logistics processes contributes to achieving environmental goals while optimizing operational costs. Through a comparative analysis based on secondary sources, the research examines the strategies adopted by various actors in the region, highlighting significant differences in the level of technological integration and responsiveness to sustainability requirements.The methodology combines quantitative data on costs and carbon emissions with qualitative insights related to infrastructure, digital tools, and green transition strategies. The findings indicate that digitalization can serve as a catalyst for improving economic performance without undermining environmental commitments. The study concludes that successful implementation of green logistics depends on context-specific approaches, gradual investment, institutional collaboration, and the internal capacity development of logistics companies.