Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Epigenetic Toxicity: Linking Molecular Modifications to Transgenerational Health Impacts

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are widespread environmental contaminants capable of mimicking, antagonizing, or altering endogenous hormone signaling. Beyond classical toxicological endpoints, a growing body of evidence shows that EDCs induce epigenetic modifications – heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to DNA sequence. These include DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and altered expression of non-coding RNAs. Such changes may persist across developmental stages and, in some cases, be transmitted across generations, amplifying health consequences long after initial exposure. This review synthesizes current knowledge of the mechanisms by which common EDCs such as bisphenols, phthalates, pesticides, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants exert epigenetic toxicity. We explore the molecular pathways implicated, highlight evidence from animal and human studies, and examine critical periods of susceptibility including fetal development, puberty, and gametogenesis. Particular attention is paid to transgenerational inheritance of altered epigenetic marks and the associated risks for endocrine, reproductive, neurodevelopmental, and metabolic disorders. Finally, we discuss methodological challenges, emerging biomarkers, and implications for risk assessment and regulatory policy. Understanding the interplay between EDC exposure and epigenetic programming provides a vital framework for preventing long-term and transgenerational health impacts in the Anthropocene. Keywords: endocrine disruptors, epigenetics, DNA methylation, transgenerational inheritance, reproductive health