Diet-Microbiota Interactions in Metabolic Health: A Review of Personalized Nutritional Strategies for Gut Dysbiosis

As metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, become increasingly common, attention has shifted to the gut microbiome as a vital link between nutrition and metabolic health. Imbalances in the gut microbiota, referred to as dysbiosis, are connected to metabolic impairments, primarily through inflammation-related mechanisms, insulin resistance, and altered energy homeostasis. The objective of this study is to examine the relationships among nutritional intake, the gut microbial ecosystem, and metabolic health, and to determine the potential of tailored nutrition plans to correct microbial imbalances. This research employs a qualitative literature review method, focusing on conceptual and thematic synthesis of peer-reviewed scientific literature published over the past 15 years. Data were collected systematically from reputable databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Inclusion criteria focused on studies that explored dietary interventions, changes in microbiota composition, and metabolic outcomes. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify recurring patterns and mechanisms underlying diet-microbiota interactions. The findings demonstrate that high- fiber diets, particularly those enriched in fermentable substrates, promote the proliferation of gut bacteria that produce SCFAs, thereby enhancing insulin signaling and sensitivity. In contrast, Western-style diets reduce microbial diversity and increase inflammatory markers. Personalized nutrition, tailored to individual microbiota profiles, shows superior efficacy in restoring microbial balance and improving metabolic markers. In conclusion, personalized dietary interventions represent a promising strategy to correct gut dysbiosis and support metabolic health. Future research should integrate multi-omics approaches and long-term clinical trials to refine personalized models.