Challenges and Countermeasures of Water Resources in Dili, Timor-Leste

Dili, Timor-Leste, faces significant challenges related to water resources, primarily due to rapid urbanization, growing population, and outdated infrastructure. Groundwater, constituting over 75% of the water supply, presents sustainability issues, while surface water resources contribute minimally, highlighting a critical need for effective water management. The study identifies several key issues affecting water resources in Dili. There is a heavy reliance on groundwater, which poses sustainability risks. The contribution of surface water is low, leading to vulnerabilities in the overall water supply system. Groundwater, which supplies over 75% of the city’s water, is generally microbiologically safe, but several boreholes show elevated levels of minerals such as TDS and hardness. In contrast, surface water sources are more susceptible to biological and chemical contamination, with some locations recording high Water Quality Index (WQI) values and the presence of E. coli and Total Coliforms. This study adopts a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the current state of water resources in Dili. The findings highlight the urgent need to enhance infrastructure, improve groundwater management, and diversify water sources. Implementing water-saving measures, expanding surface water utilization, and strengthening monitoring systems will be critical. Additionally, addressing climate impacts and fostering community engagement in water governance can build a more resilient and sustainable water system in Dili. This research is significant as it contributes to sustainable water resource management, specifically aligning with Timor-Leste's Strategic Development Plan (SDP) 2011-2030 and Sustainable Development Goal 6.