Management of glaucoma during pregnancy and lactation: clinical considerations and therapeutic strategies

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy that can cause irreversible blindness, though it rarely affects women of reproductive age. Its management during pregnancy and lactation is particularly challenging because of the potential impact of intraocular pressure fluctuations on disease progression and the risks of treatment to both the mother and fetus. Physiological changes in pregnancy, such as decreased intraocular pressure and hormonal alterations, may influence disease activity but do not guarantee disease stability. Preconception counseling plays a key role in mitigating risks and tailoring treatment strategies. Many glaucoma medications carry teratogenic risks, with brimonidine being the only US Food and Drug Administration Category B drug. Surgical interventions - including laser trabeculoplasty and minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries - offer alternative options but require careful timing and consideration of fetal safety. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to optimize maternal and neonatal outcomes. This review summarizes evidence-based approaches for glaucoma management during pregnancy and lactation, highlighting clinical considerations, therapeutic strategies, and patient-centered care.