Hybrid energy storage system integrating lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors for enhanced electric vehicle performance

The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) has highlighted persistent challenges related to battery efficiency, limited lifespan and performance fluctuations during highly dynamic driving conditions. To address such issues, this study proposes a novel Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) that strategically combines lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors to take advantage of the high energy density of batteries and the rapid charge-discharge characteristics of supercapacitors. The hybrid configuration is governed by an Arduino-based control unit equipped with an intelligent power management algorithm, which tracks real-time acceleration profiles and dynamically allocates power to the appropriate energy source. During steady-state operation, the batteries supply the required power, while peak loads during sudden acceleration or regenerative braking are effectively handled by the supercapacitors. Extensive simulations and laboratory experiments demonstrate that this strategy significantly reduces battery stress, mitigates thermal effects, and increases overall cycle life. Additionally, a dedicated mobile application enables real-time monitoring of key operating parameters, including SOC, vehicle speed and overall system status, thereby improving user interaction and enabling proactive maintenance decisions. Overall, the proposed HESS substantially improves energy efficiency and operational stability, representing a practical and scalable solution for achieving long-term sustainability and high performance in next-generation electric vehicle technologies.