Optimising Zambia Railways’ Operations Amid Infrastructure and Workforce Challenges

This study investigated operational challenges and optimisation strategies in heavy and bulk cargo transportation at Zambia Railways Limited (ZRL). Despite its strategic potential to lower logistics costs and ease road congestion, ZRL continues to experience persistent inefficiencies that hinder performance. The study sought to identify key operational challenges, assess the influence of infrastructure, technology, and workforce capability on performance, and propose strategies to improve efficiency. A mixed-methods design grounded in the pragmatic paradigm was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to ensure comprehensive analysis. Quantitative data were collected from 120 employees using structured questionnaires and analysed through descriptive statistics, correlation, and chi-square tests, while qualitative data from interviews with managers and industry experts were thematically analysed to provide contextual depth. The findings revealed widespread inefficiencies, including deteriorating infrastructure, outdated rolling stock, inadequate facilities, limited staff training, and weak interdepartmental coordination. Results confirmed significant associations (p < 0.05) between infrastructure quality, technological innovation, workforce capability, and operational performance. The study concludes that misaligned internal systems and weak risk management practices perpetuate underperformance. It recommends strategic infrastructure rehabilitation, adoption of predictive maintenance and digital technologies, continuous staff development, and strengthened partnerships to enhance operational efficiency and regional competitiveness.