Exploring Awareness and Understanding of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among residents of Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Approach

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals of all ages. Although awareness of ADHD has improved in recent years, significant misinformation and gaps in understanding the disorder remain. Aim: The current study aimed to determine the knowledge and awareness of ADHD in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional survey of Saudi people aged ≥18 years was undertaken utilizing an online, self-administered questionnaire based on DSM-5 criteria. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests with Bonferroni correction, and effect sizes (Cramer's V) were used. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 27. Results: The survey was filled out by 385 people (62.3% of whom were women). Social media (32.7%) and higher education (31.2%) were the most popular sources of ADHD information. Agreement with DSM-5 ADHD criteria varied from 66.5% to 88.8%, showing overall good awareness. There were significant gender differences in information sources and treatment preferences, but the impact sizes were small to moderate (Cramer's V = 0.18-0.29). Conclusion: The findings indicate relatively high awareness of core ADHD features among adults in Eastern Province, KSA, rather than substantial knowledge gaps. Gender-based differences highlight the influence of sociocultural and educational contexts on mental health literacy. Targeted, culturally sensitive awareness initiatives remain warranted.