The Impact of Debugging Strategies on Student Learning Performance in Block-Based Programming

Debugging is a critical skill in programming, yet novice learners often struggle to structure their debugging processes effectively. This study investigates how undergraduate students applied debugging strategies across four block-based programming modules using a five-step framework: Understand Problem, Observe Code, Identify Error, Fix & Test, and Document & Reflect. A total of 511 reflective journal entries were analyzed and linked to module performance and final course grades. Results show that the Identify Error strategy was significantly associated with higher module scores. At the course level, students who applied a greater number of debugging steps across modules achieved higher average module scores and stronger final grades. The number of different strategy types used showed a smaller positive association. These findings underscore the value of structured, research-aligned debugging instruction, particularly guidance that strengthens error identification and sustained engagement in iterative debugging process.