A comprehensive overview of molecular biology advancements in lily over the past decade

Lily (Lilium spp.) is a globally significant ornamental crop, highly valued in both domestic and international markets. In recent years, the lily industry has undergone rapid expansion; however, it continues to face numerous challenges. Prominent limitations in lily production include prolonged bulb dormancy, severe pollen contamination, limited diversity of flower coloration, inadequate or excessively strong fragrance, and insufficient resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. To address these limitations, considerable efforts over the past decade have been directed toward molecular biology research, particularly the identification of key functional genes and the application of molecular breeding approaches to accelerate the development of improved germplasm. This review synthesizes the key findings from recent research in lily molecular biology, highlighting mechanisms associated with bulb dormancy, anther development, flower color and fragrance formation, as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Additionally, the review discusses advancements in genetic transformation technologies. The insights presented here aim to guide future breeding programs and enhance our understanding of the molecular basis of key traits in lilies. Furthermore, we identify current gaps in knowledge and propose future research directions to address existing limitations and further advance the field.