Advancements in precision nutrition: Targeted strategies for personalized health

As the need for more effective nutritional interventions grows, precision nutrition has emerged as a strategy that leverages individual characteristics such as health status, genetic makeup, epigenetic profiles, and microbiota profiles to develop personalized nutrition plans tailored to treat and prevent disease. This strategy involves identifying an individual's health status through specific biomarkers, collecting personalized data via portable testing devices or digital tools, and managing individual-specific information via various algorithms. This review highlights advances in the biological underpinnings of precision nutrition, including understanding interindividual variation, designing target-specific nutrition plans, and addressing the challenges and opportunities of precision nutrition. Furthermore, targeted nutrition which focuses on delivering and releasing specific nutrients to particular sites in the body was explored as a recent innovation within precision nutrition. This review primarily examines targeted nutrition involving the controlled delivery of proteins/peptides, probiotics, fatty acids, polyphenols, and carotenoids, with a focus on the treatment of diseases affecting specific organs.