Extraterrestrial bioconstruction technology system: Bridging space station applications and deep-space missions

Microbe-driven bioconstruction offers a promising approach to sustainable deep-space habitats as missions shift from short-term exploration to long-term human presence. This review presents the first full-lifecycle bioconstruction paradigm that integrates Earth-derived extremophilic microorganisms, space station validation, and in-situ utilization of Lunar and Martian resources. It addresses gaps in extraterrestrial bioconstruction strategies. The proposed four-stage paradigm begins with biological pioneering using extremophilic microorganisms to establish survival conditions. This is followed by biological conversion of extraterrestrial resources for metal extraction, thereby enabling the synthesis of building materials through biological fabrication and their in-situ assembly into integrated habitats. The final stage involves integration into a self-sustaining life support system for long-term habitation. Key challenges include limited adaptability under compound space stresses, slow screening processes, limited in-orbit validation, and uncertain material longevity. Recommended directions include AI-driven strain optimization, expanded space and lunar experiments, and predictive modeling of material behaviour to support the development of resilient and resource-efficient extraterrestrial habitats.