Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Framework in Pre-Service Teacher Education: A Comprehensive Review of Two Decades of Research (2006-2026)

The Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework has emerged as a foundational model for understanding and developing pre-service teachers' competencies in integrating technology into teaching practice. This comprehensive manuscript synthesizes research from 2006 to 2026, examining the development of TPACK competencies, assessment methodologies, and intervention strategies across diverse subject areas and geographic contexts. Drawing from 28 highly relevant studies spanning North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, this review reveals significant evolution in both theoretical understanding and practical implementation of TPACK in teacher education programs. Key findings indicate that design-based learning approaches and collaborative design teams have emerged as the most effective intervention strategies for developing pre-service teachers' TPACK competencies. Assessment methods range from surveys to more sophisticated mixed-methods approaches combining performance-based evaluations with reflective instruments. Subject-specific applications demonstrate particular strength in STEM education and language teaching, with growing emphasis on cross-disciplinary integration. Geographic analysis reveals distinct regional patterns, with Asian and Middle Eastern contexts leading in research volume, while African studies contribute important insights into developing country contexts. This manuscript provides evidence-based recommendations for teacher education programs, identifies critical gaps in current research, and proposes future directions for advancing TPACK development in pre-service teacher preparation across diverse educational contexts.