Modeling and Optimizing Teacher Creativity Based on Collaboration Effectiveness, Transformational Leadership, ICT Literacy, and Knowledge Sharing: A POP–SDM Study of Private Islamic Elementary School Teachers in Bogor City

This study examines a modeling and optimization framework for enhancing teacher creativity using the POP–HRM approach. The research was conducted at private Islamic elementary schools in Bogor City, Indonesia, involving 248 teachers. A quantitative explanatory design was applied using survey data analyzed through path analysis and SITOREM. The findings indicate that all independent variables significantly influence teacher creativity, with knowledge sharing as the strongest predictor (β = 0.483), followed by collaboration effectiveness (β = 0.202), ICT literacy (β = 0.153), and transformational leadership (β = 0.120). Knowledge sharing also mediates the effects of collaboration, leadership, and ICT literacy on creativity. The proposed model demonstrates high explanatory power (R² = 0.857) and provides strategic guidance for systematic and sustainable teacher development.