Reduced Students’ Participation and Teacher Motivation, Overpopulation-induced Problem in UN SDGs Implementation

Background and Aims: Classroom overpopulation has emerged as a persistent global challenge that threatens educational quality, teacher wellbeing, and the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Overcrowded learning environments strain instructional capacity, reduce student engagement, and compromise both physical and psychosocial conditions necessary for effective teaching and learning, particularly in relation to SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being). This study examined the effects of overpopulated classrooms on students’ active participation and teacher motivation. It assessed how these classroom-level challenges impede the implementation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals in education. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Data were collected from 222 teachers and students using a structured questionnaire distributed through academic and professional networks. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were employed to examine the relationships among classroom overpopulation, students’ active participation, teacher motivation, and challenges in implementing the SDGs. Results: Findings revealed that classroom overpopulation significantly reduces students’ active participation and undermines teacher motivation. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant relationships among all study variables. Multiple regression analysis further identified classroom overpopulation as the strongest predictor of SDG implementation challenges, while reduced student participation also significantly predicted poorer SDG outcomes. Teacher motivation, although correlated with SDG challenges, did not emerge as a significant predictor when controlling for structural factors. Conclusion: The study concludes that classroom overpopulation constitutes a major structural barrier to achieving inclusive, equitable, and sustainable education. Addressing overcrowding through policy reforms, infrastructure expansion, and strategic teacher recruitment is essential for improving classroom conditions and advancing progress toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.