npj Aging_Supplementary Materials

Glial cells are key regulators of brain development and aging, yet how their interactions evolve across the lifespan remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed single-cell transcriptomic data from mouse brains across eight stages spanning development to aging (E14.5–M24). We identified three major glial programs—developmental, maturation, and aging—each corresponding to distinct biological transitions. Notably, microglia and oligodendrocytes exhibited a coordinated transcriptional shift from neurodevelopmental support toward late-life inflammatory enrichment. This pattern highlights a previously underappreciated glial association that accompanies brain aging and provides a framework for the analyses presented below. The attachment includes two files: (1) R code for data preprocessing, integration, and hdWGCNA analysis; and (2) an R workspace file containing fully integrated brain data.