Three agencies data

Data comes from the LexisNexis database. The researcher retrieved all English-language news items from Reuters, AP, and AFP within the defined period. The search used keywords such as “Russia”, “Russian”, “Ukraine”, “Ukrainian”, “Russo-Ukrainian conflict”, and “Russian-Ukrainian war” in headlines and lead paragraphs to locate stories likely to focus on the conflict. The researcher limited the search to straight news reports rather than opinion pieces or features, ensuring the corpus reflected routine hard-news coverage for a global client base.To create a manageable yet representative sample, the study used stratified sampling by agency and phase. It calculated each phase’s share of the cleaned population and selected a proportional number of stories from each stratum, resulting in 300 articles.