Survey Paper - AUTOMATED DIABETIC RETINOPATHY DETECTION SYSTEM

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes that affects the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye, due to prolonged elevated blood glucose levels. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have enabled automated detection and grading of DR at early stages. The disease progresses in phases, starting with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), characterized by microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and cotton wool spots, which may cause diabetic macular edema—a leading factor in vision loss. In severe cases, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) develops, where abnormal blood vessels form on the retina, potentially causing bleeding into the vitreous, retinal detachment, or glaucoma, resulting in significant visual impairment or blindness