Diagnosis of Soil Contamination in the Bogotá River Basin: Integration of FPIR, GIS, MaxEnt Models, and Remote Sensing for Agroecological Management

This study presents an integrated methodological framework for diagnosing and managing soil contamination in the Bogotá River Basin (Colombia). The approach combines the FPIR framework (Driving Force–Pressure–Impact–Response), the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) model with multitemporal remote sensing, geostatistics, and chemometric analysis. Twelve major potential contamination drivers (PCDs) were spatially characterized: potato farming, dual-purpose cattle ranching, dairy farming, floriculture, horticulture, coal mining, clay extraction, construction materials, tanneries, food and beverage industries, electroplating, and chemical manufacturing. In the Sisga–Tibitoc sub-basin of Bogota River, three PCDs were prioritized—intensive potato farming, coal mining, and tanneries—based on their contribution to critical niches of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in soils. MaxEnt modeling was used to generate susceptibility maps, design monitoring protocols, and formulate adaptive management strategies. The proposed multiscale, replicable approach strengthens territorial capacity to address edaphic degradation by integrating technical, institutional, and community knowledge. It is applicable to other complex socio-environmental contexts facing similar contamination issues.