Supplementary Figure S1

Supplementary Figure S1. Item‑construct mapping for the student perception survey. The figure shows how individual survey items (Q1–Q24) are grouped into the five cognitive‑load proxy (CLP) scales (CLP_ease_of_use, CLP_clarity, CLP_usefulness, CLP_confidence and CLP_clutter) and into additional contextual constructs (alignment with experiment goals and learning objectives, perceived software quality, stability/crashes, prior exposure to similar tools and open‑ended feedback items).